Please note that most of the command themselves are not explained; you can examine their functionality yourself by either reading their man page, or just experimenting with them to see what they do.

Redirection
Normally programs take input from our keyboard, and display the output to our screens. However, these are just the defaults – UNIX has the ability to redirect the input (commonly referred to as stdin, short for standard input) and output (commonly referred to as stdout, short for standard output).

Here is a simple example: the cat command displays the contents of a file to the screen. But we can redirect those contents to a file using the redirection operator ‘>’, like so:

$ cat myfile.txt
This is the contents of the file myfile.txt
$ cat myfile.txt > newfile.txt
$ cat newfile.txt
This is the contents of the file myfile.txt
$

In effect, we’ve made cat do the same thing as cp, by redirecting the output from the screen to a file. This isn’t terribly useful, but consider another, similar, scenario: cat can take multiple arguments, and it will display the files one after the other. This can be used to append one file onto another and create a new, combined file.

$ cat file1.txt
The quick brown fox...
$ cat file2.txt
...jumped over the lazy dog.
$ cat file1.txt file2.txt > combined.txt
$ cat combined.txt
The quick brown fox...
...jumped over the lazy dog.

Neat, eh?

We can also redirect the input, so that a program takes the contents of a file as if it were typed at your keyboard. cat doesn’t take any input, so let’s use bc, a command line calculator. Normally, you run the program, and it lets you type in calculations such as “2+2″, and then displays the result. But if you have a file which already contains the calculations, you can send it straight to bc – faster and more powerful than cutting-and-pasting the text in with your mouse.

$ cat calc.txt
2+2
$ bc < calc.txt 4 $ 

A final note: you can use two output redirect symbols together – >> – to indicate that you want to append the file, not overwrite it. Hence:

$ cat file1.txt
Contents of file1.
$ cat file2.txt
Contents of file2.txt.
$ cat file2.txt >> file1.txt
$ cat file1.txt
Contents of file1.
Contents of file2.txt.
$

Pipes
Pipes are similar to redirection, but they are even more powerful, because they allow you to send input and output back and forth between programs. For example, let’s say that you want to send the calculation “2+2″ to bc in a single command, without creating a file for redirection, or firing up bc and then entering the calculation. You can use the command echo, which normally sends output to the screen:

$ echo 2+2
2+2
$

But instead we can send it through a pipe using the pipe character ‘|’, which you create by typing shift-backslash on your keyboard.

$ echo 2+2 | bc
4
$

One thing that may throw you off about this example is that it seems intuitively out of order; bc is the “important” program being run, and normally we would expect that to come first. But it doesn’t, and for good reason: the pipeline works by sending the output of each successive program to the one immediately to its right. In this case, echo has to run first, because it generates the text “2+2″ and stuffs it into the pipe. bc then receives the “2+2″ text, and does its thing, which is process the calculation.

Possibly one of the most immediately useful features of the UNIX command line is the ability to fire off an email instantaneously using the mail command.

$ echo "Hey, I sent this mail from the bash command line!" | mail -s "bash rocks" user@host.com

Combinations
The true power of UNIX shells, and especially bash, is reflected in your ability to mix and match redirection, pipes, and other operators almost limitlessly. Here’s a combination example: we send 2+2 through the pipe, which bc calculates, and then sends the output to a file.

$ echo 2+2 | bc > result.txt
$ cat result.txt
4
$

Variables
Variables are values that you give a name. They are significant because you can call them by that name throughout your bash “code”, but it can contain different values at different times. A simpler way to think about them is that they are simply storage containers, for keeping data around that you will later use within bash.

Here is an example of assigning a value, and then displaying its contents:

$ MYVAR=3
$ echo $MYVAR
3
$

When the variable is first assigned (and created), the $ symbol is not used. From that point forward, however, it must be prefixed with the $ symbol or it will not be properly recognized by bash.

Variables can contain text, numbers, lists – just about anything that you can think of. There is no “type casting” as in structured programming languages, so you need not keep track of what sort of data is stored where.

It’s possible to do basic math with variables, like so:

$ A=2
$ B=3
$ C=$((A+B))
$ echo $C
5

A simple use for variables is to save some data temporarily that you’re going to use in a later command, possibly several commands. In this example, we’ll get a list of files, print each one, append them to a master file, and then delete them.

$ FILES=*.txt
$ lpr $FILES
$ cat $FILES >> master.txt
$ rm $FILES

So far variables might not seem terribly useful. In fact, their power doesn’t become obvious until we start using constructs such as loops.

Loops
Computers are excellent at repetitious tasks. Yet all too often, because of limited user interfaces (especially the GUI interfaces that are the most popular), computer users find themselves doing mindless tasks, such as renaming a long list of files. This is a task that is ideal for an iterative loop. It is “iterative” because we step through each item in a list, doing a similar operation on each one. The two main types of loops are for loops and while loops, but let’s focus on for loops as they are generally more useful at the command line.

The format of the for loop command is as follows:

for counter in list; do command; done

Everything in italics are items you need to replace with your own values. Counter is the name of the variable you want to use to count with; it can be any single word. List is a list of items, one after the other, that you wish to step through, one by one. And command is what you actually want to do to each one. Since an example is worth a thousand words, take a look:

$ for i in 1 2 3; do echo Loop iteration: $i; done
Loop iteration: 1
Loop iteration: 2
Loop iteration: 3
$

The counter variable is called “i”, and you may note that when referring to it in places other than right after the for we place a $ character in front of its name, so it becomes $i.

The list is 1, 2, and 3. List items should be separated by spaces.

The command is “echo Loop iteration: $i”. This command gets run for each member of the list; and the counter variable ($i) gets replaced with the current list member we are executing on each time we step through it. Thus, the first time it prints “Loop iteration: 1″ because the value of $i is 1.

One neat trick we can use is to use wildcard characters (* and ?) in order to loop through files in the current directory. As a simple example, we could simply print each filename, duplicating the effect of the command ls:

$ ls
file1.txt file2.txt
$ for i in *; do echo $i; done
file1.txt
file2.txt
$

That’s not so useful, but let’s say that we want to rename each file to start with the word “my”.

$ ls
file1.txt file2.txt
$ for i in *; do mv $i my-$i; done
$ ls
myfile1.txt myfile2.txt
$

Backticks
The magical backticks (the character `) are one of the best kept secrets of shell scripting, but at the same time one of the most useful. They allow you to run a secondary command inside of a new shell, and the output from that command will be placed onto the command line on the spot! As usual, and example shows best.

$ cat masterfile.txt
file1.txt
file2.txt
file3.txt
$ cat `grep -l 2 masterfile.txt`
This is the contents of file 2.
$

In this example, the result of the command “grep -l 2 masterfile.txt” is going to be “file2.txt”. Normally that would just be displayed to the screen, and at that point you could manually type “cat file2.txt” to see its contents. But you can do it in a single command with backticks; the output of the grep command (“file2.txt”) is substituted on the command line, producing the command “cat file2.txt” for you!

Bringing It All Together
At this point, you need to explore these tools yourself in order to get a better understanding of their great flexibility. Provided below are a number of examples to aid in your exploration of these topics.

Converting a list of filenames into lower case

$ for i in *; do mv $i `echo $i | tr A-Z a-z`; done

Printing out only files which contain the text “PrintMe”

$ lpr `grep -l PrintMe *`

Determining the difference in length (number of lines) between two files

$ echo `cat file1.txt | wc -l` - `cat file2.txt | wc -l` | bc

Sending mail to a list of email addresses in a file

$ for addr in `cat email-addresses.txt`; do cat message.txt | mail -s "Hi there!" $addr; done

Archiving all logfiles to a file named after the current date

$ tar czvf logs-`date +%m%d%y`.tar.gz *.log

Queued from : Here

First of all when you upgrade your distro, the gcc++ package gets upgareded so libstdc++.so.5 file to libstdc++.so.6 .Unfortunately RAD 7.5 version looks for libstdc++.5.so file on your system. You have to download this file. Download it by using link below;

http://packages.debian.org/stable/base/libstdc++5

Then install this deb package (If you are running on another linux distro you have to place it just next to where your libstdc++.6.so file, you can use “locate libstdc++.so.6″ command to see where your file is). Then copy below bash script and paste it any of your text editor, save it as “run.sh”. From now on, you can use this script to run your RAD 7.5.

#!/bin/bash
export GTK_NATIVE_WINDOWS=1
/where/your/RADis &

After this process your problem should be gone. Have fun.

Quite an achievement considering Vista bombed and no amount of PR power could persuade the non-OEM consumer otherwise. Now, obviously before it was too late and the Windows brand itself was damaged, Windows 7 has been released. Word is that it is OK, better even than XP.

Thus, the hiatus that may have been the golden Window of Vista opportunity for Linux on the desktop will soon be gone. The power of the ‘brand’ coupled with a product that actually works is hard to stop. If you think that Microsoft has done a number on the Linux netbook using venerable XP and a fat cheque book then just wait for Windows 7 to get into full swing.

• http://www.bylur.net/free/
• http://www.red-pill.eu/freeunix.shtml *
• http://www.rootshell.be/

]]> http://samet.kilictas.com/save-penguins/feed/ 1 http://samet.kilictas.com/subversion-svn-server-nasil-kurulur/ http://samet.kilictas.com/subversion-svn-server-nasil-kurulur/#comments Fri, 19 Dec 2008 01:18:35 +0000 Samet Kilictas http://samet.kilictas.com/?p=160 Merhaba arkadaşlar subversion hakkında türkçe yazılmış çok fazla kaynak olmamasından dolayı bu yazımı türkçe yazdığımı belirtmek istiyorum. Halen ingilizce dilinin artık global bir dil olduğunun bazı kişiler tarafından kabul edilmeyişide ayrı bir tartışma konusu bence.

Neyse hemen anlatmaya başlıyorum. Aslında kişisel olarak bir projeyi tek başıma yapıyorsam bunda daha başarılı olabildiğimi düşünüyordum ancak bazı nedenlerden dolayı anladım ki atasözümüz olan “Bir elin nesi var iki elin sesi” var sözü gerçekten yerinde ve mantıklı söylenmiş bir söz. . Geçenlerde üniversitede grup çalışması yaptıgım samimi arkadaşlar ile bir projeye başlama kararı aldık ve ortak bir çalışma ortamı oluşturmam gerekiyordu. Ortak çalışma ortamı çok şekilde yaratılabilir aslında;

• Subversion
• CVS
• SourceSafe
• Team Foundation Server
• Birkaç duyulmamış sistem daha

Bu sistemler arasında en mantıklı ve uygulanabilirliği açısından rahat olan sistemin subversion olduğunu düşünüyorum. Linux altında çalışmışlığınız var ise bir Subversion (SVN) server kurmak yanlızca 30 saniyenizi alacaktır. Subversion sistemini windows işletim sistemilerinde de kurabiliyoruz ancak tabiki biz linuxumuza kurup rahat ve hızlı çalışmanın tadına varacağız

Ben extra bir server bulamadığımdan dolayı kendi bilgisayarıma Vmware kurup onun üzerindeki sanal makine yardımıyla subversion yayımı yapmaya başladım. Sizinde benim gibi bu aralar imkanlarınız biraz kısıtlı ise vmware tek çözüm gibi görünüyor. Kuruluma geçmeden önce ubuntu distromuzu bilgisayarımıza kuralım bu kısım tamamiyle size ait. (Vmware kullanacaksanız ubuntu server edition tavsiyemdir.)

Şimdi sisteminize yeni bir ubuntu kurulumu var ve üzerinde apache2 sunucusu sorunsuz olarak çalışıyor kabul edelim.  Bu aşamadan sonra yapmamız gereken sadece apache2 server a gerekli eklentileri yapıp subversion serveri kullanılabilir hale getirmek.

Subversion server için subversion ve libapache2-svn paketlerini kurmamız gerekli, bunu için

sudo apt-get install subversion libapache2-svn

komutunu kullanarak bu paketleri serverımıza kuruyoruz. Artık SVN modüllerini apache2 serverımızda port 80 ile kullanılabilir hale getirdik. Paketleri yüklediğimizde modüller otomatik olarak aktif hale gelmiş olması ancak biz yinede bi kontrol edelim. Bunun için

sudo a2enmod dav_svn

komutunu kullanıyoruz ve kullanım sonrasında bize “already enabled” gibi bir uyarı gelmesi gerekiyor şu an tam olarak hatırlamıyorum. Şimdide apache2 de bir kaç ayarlama yapmamız gerekiyor.

sudo nano /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/dav_svn.conf

açılan dosyarı konsolda şu şekilde değiştirmemiz gerekiyor. (Genelde satır önlerindeki # işaretini kaldırarak kolaylıkla yapabilirsiniz)

< Location /svn >
DAV svn
SVNPath /home/svn

AuthType Basic
AuthName "Subversion Repository - veya repository adı"
AuthUserFile /etc/apache2/dav_svn.passwd
Require valid-user
< / Location >

buradaki /home/svn dizinini kendi repository dizininize göre değiştirebilirsiniz. Aynı kalmasında bir sakınca yok aslında. dizinimizin /home/svn olduğunu varsayarak devam ediyorum.

sudo mkdir /home/svn
sudo svnadmin create /home/svn

şimdide apache2 yi bu repository için owner yapmamız gerekiyor.

sudo chown -R www-data /home/svn

repository’ e erişimimizi biraz güvenli hale getirebilmek için bir şifre belirleyelim.

sudo htpasswd -cm /etc/apache2/dav_svn.passwd kullanı_adınız

daha sonra sistem sizden şifrenizi belirlemenizi isteyecektir. Bu aşamadan sonra yapmamız gereken tek şey apache serverimizi yeniden başlatmak.

sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

bu aşamaya kadar kazasız belasız geldiyseniz artık sizin http://sun.ucu.nuz/svn altında bir subversion serverınız var. Tebrikler

İyi Çalışmalar…

This document is a collection of Unix/Linux/BSD commands and tasks which are useful for IT work or for advanced users. This is a practical guide with concise explanations, however the reader is supposed to know what s/he is doing.

Buyrun burdan inceleyebilirsiniz. UnixToolbox

Hello People,

Do you know about PARDUS? .. Yes in this post i am going to mention to you about PARDUS project. I assume that you know some about linux operating system. Unfortunately im not going to tell you about the history of linux.

But first of all i want you to know the basics before i start. Common known distros of linux are Fedora, Slackware, Ubuntu[i was using this], CentOS, Debian, Gentoo, Knoppix, Linspire, openSUSE, PCLinuxOS etc. As you see we got many of them. I see you got a question. -> “Woow This is too much.. ” You are definitely right it is too much and it is not the other side of it. But you should know that each disribution has it’s own properties. For example ubuntu is which i used to use is more efficient for generaly users not for specially multimedia users. CentOS is good for CPanel uses. My Point is If you are running on Linux you can choose the best one for you. This not possible on Windows side. I am not here to tell you “Windows is BAD!!” .. Of Course it is doing someting.. : ) without blue screens .. : )

Let’s turn on the main topic.. PARDUS Project. TÜBİTAK UEKAE is developing this disrubution. Of course is it linux based operating system. I can say this is another oppourtunity for home users. First of all this is the first official operating system of TURKEY. Second distro of PARDUS has came in the last quarter of 2006. First edition was PARDUS 1.0 and it took a year to announce about Second edition. PARDUS is really special OS System for me big reason is this PARDUS is for a user who wants to run all the multimedia applications with no problems. It comes with codecs and such on it.

I have installed my PARDUS distro about a year ago and using it since this time. I’ve read many article about PARDUS Here is a link you can find more about it.

Language Support!

Yes this is an official turkish operating system and also it has language support of course. There are some web sites for PARDUS project that you can find some more information on your own language. There is an official English Website . And people created unofficial Italian Website and Holland Website . Nowadays people are talking about PARDUS all around the world this is good news and there is a webpage in the DistroWatch.com about PARDUS.

I Say..?

I say the PARDUS distro has user friendly interface, good graphics..Satisfied!.. During the installation it is very easy. You can find PARDUS as CD/DVD. Here is link and you can download PARDUS distro.

Some More Information:

• http://pardus.org.tr/eng/index.html
• http://www.pardus-wiki.org/
• http://pardus.org.tr/eng/documents/index.html

Note: The new version is coming up soon-> PARDUS 2008
Samet Kilictas